Analysis Of `` For Esme, With Love And Squalor ``

In his short story, â€Å"For Esmà ©, with Love and Squalor,† J.D. Salinger utilizes the function of secondary characters to expose the correlation between the contrasting ideas of idealism and cynicism. The three minor characters of Esmà ©, her brother Charles, and Corporal Z all play different but necessary roles in the mental and emotional development of the main character, Sergeant X. While the characters of Esmà © and Charles represent the best traits of humanity, their lifestyles contrast that of Corporal Z, a pessimistic and rude war veteran. After Salinger sets a standard of ideal human nature through the two siblings and their interaction with Sergeant X, he purposefully introduces Corporal Z into the story to help demonstrate the differences between the personalities of idealistic and cynical people; in doing so, Salinger reveals relationships between youthful innocence and idealism, as well as arrogance and cynicism. Esmà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s commendable traits, such as her compassion and sophistication, reflect her perfection in the eyes of Sergeant X. From the time she first talks to him at the restaurant, Esmà © puts forth effort to develop a friendship and unique bond with the struggling soldier. After Esmà © comments to Sergeant X, â€Å"I d be extremely flattered if you d write a story exclusively for me sometime,† she reminds him, It doesn t have to be terribly prolific! Just so that it isn t childish and silly. [†¦] I prefer stories about squalor (151). Other than showing her friendlyShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Salinger s The Doctrine Of Love 1994 Words   |  8 PagesShort Story Analysis Paper The majority of his works, J.D. Salinger has implemented many replicated themes. Love is possibly the most prevalent throughout all of his writings and is displayed in such works as â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish,† â€Å"The Laughing Man,† â€Å"For Esme—With Love and Squalor,† â€Å"Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes,† â€Å"Teddy,† and â€Å"Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut.† Salinger uses the element of Love to bring about more meaning in the stories and depth to the each of their plots, and does soRead MoreNine Stories2223 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis: Nine Stories by JD Salinger For those like me who couldnt find any insightful analyses about this collection on the Internet: Youre welcome. I have finally figured out what this is about (I think). So the fancy book club met a couple weeks ago to discuss Nine Stories by JD Salinger. Much despair was had because of our varied and confused insights into Salingers stories. Was Seymour a pedophile? Whats up with the random last line in Just Before the War with the Eskimos? How shouldRead MoreMy Reflection On My Job1500 Words   |  6 Pagesupon these two sections, both of which required restraint on my part to stop me from taking an obscene number of books home. [gallery ids=4545,4546 type=square columns=2] I dodged the pictured criticism for now (the one about For Esme with Love and Squalor was especially difficult to leave behind), but I did pick up some on Frost--in the hopes it would help me further my understanding of Home Burial--along with item I the Wilson play that was the impetus for my journey. On my way out of

Women Are Being Impacted By Globalization - 2448 Words

Women are being impacted by globalization each and every day. First, globalization is known as process where people, ideas, even goods are scattered throughout the world, intertwining interaction and integration among the world’s culture, economy, and government s (Whatisdot). Economically, women are being used for cheap labor, being paid less, treated unequally in the effects of globalization. However, others argue that wages women receive are sufficient enough to support their families. Furthermore, women are more likely to create unions when protesting together. In the cultural aspect, women are left with only working in the formal sector and doing housework because of today’s societies, the patriarchal standard. Women working in the house work constantly, especially in developing nations where everything isn’t easily accessible. But, opponents argue that by working in the house or other environments women feel a sense of power and also help boost how they fee l about themselves. In the political aspect, globalization has helped women create groups to help fight for change. Meanwhile, others argue that environmental issues cause barriers for women to get a job or to even provide for their families. Considering these situations, does globalization help benefit women or instead cause barriers for them to succeed in the global south? Economic Globalization: One of the ways globalization affects women around the world is through capitalism. Nowadays, capitalism prompts manyShow MoreRelatedImpact of Globalization on Non Western Culture Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Globalization on Non Western Cultures Examples of Globalization’s Impact Globalization is far reaching in this day and age. Globalization is the worldwide flow of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture. It leads to a greater interdependence and mutual awareness among the people of the world (Tischler, 2011, 2007, p. 430). One non-Western culture that has been impacted by globalization is China. An example of the impact of globalization on China is their economy. Read MoreCultural Changes : The People Of Indigenous Australia, Minangkabau, And San / Ju1200 Words   |  5 Pagescultures compare and contrasts to each other. Globalization and transnationalism has had major impacts on many cultures. Globalization and Transnationalism alone has transformed the entire world. It has intertwined cultures within other cultures, changing the way people live, eat, work, and think. The connecting of people of other nationalities, voluntarily and involuntarily, caused globalization and transnationalism. This force of change has impacted the world greatly and variously within each cultureRead MoreIslam : An Monotheistic Faith, Monotheistic, And It1101 Words   |  5 PagesMuhammad started the religion because he received revelations from God. Islam also effects lots of cultures, including mine. 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Predominately, globalization has made a worldwide impact on many nations in numerous ways such as; politically, economically, as well as socially. Globalization has shaped the independence of various nations, thus leading to worldly affairs based on a global level. Leading to trends in cultureRead MoreEssay on GLT task1887 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is globalization? Globalization, â€Å"refers to processes of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture† (Merriam-Webster, 2014). Since the 1980’s the impact of globalization has been on the rise. Western cultures are bringing about new ways of culture while indigenous people are modifying their traditional ways to western civilization. I will be discussing two non-western cultures and the effects of globalization. TheRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1388 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences of globalization and colonization will be explored. 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Globalization creates anRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization in Turkey1009 Words   |  4 PagesTurkey Culture People all over the world are seeing and feeling the effects of globalization in their day to day lives. Rapid development in technology and high speed communication has made the technology change harder for some developing countries to cope with. Turkey is one of the many countries that is taking this change the hardest, especially in the last 20 years, as a result of mayhem they have been enduring. Turkey has been experiencing all of this instability more severely than any other

Managing People at Work

Questions: You have been hired as a consultant to provide some advice to Grace and the County Medical Society Answering Service to improve her relationship with the employees and increase productivity. 1. Using a motivational theory discussed in this course, advise Grace how she could better understand what is motivating her employees. 2. Group decision-making would be an important area for Grace to develop with her employees. Discuss a group decision-making technique that would assist Grace and her team. 3. Grace needs to become a better leader. Use a leadership theory discussed in this course to advise Grace of how she can develop her leadership skills. 4. Advise Grace of how you believe improving her Emotional Intelligence will help her manage her employees better. Answers: (1). Motivational Theory In order to understand what is motivating her employees, Grace needs to follow the Maslow Motivational Theory. As per this theory the following categories are needed to motivate the employees. They are self-actualization, admiration, belongingness, security and physiological (Fosshage, 2015). Require Home Job self-actualization Education, faith, individual growth training, progression, enlargement, creativity admiration support of family, associates, community acknowledgment, elevated Status, Responsibilities belongingness relations, associates, clubs teams, depts., colleague, customers, managers, subordinates security liberty from war, poisonous, violence job security, work safety measures, fitness insurance physiological foodstuff, water high temperature, air, basic salary The above table if maintained by Grace then she will be able to understand what is motivating her employees. According to Maslow, the requirements which are lower take main concern. These requirements must be accomplished before the others are stimulated. According to this theory, if people is hungry and have adequate shelter then he does not need to go to shelter. The work and ideas of Maslow extended far beyond that of the Hierarchy of Needs (Mahni Shayganfar Sidner, 2016). The hierarchy needs of Maslow are often depicted with the help of a pyramid. Grace needs to follow the physiological needs in which she needs to take of the physical requirements for her team members. As per the security needs, Grace needs to consider personal security, economical security as well as the physical condition and welfare of her team members. Esteem deal with the fact that all the team members needs to feel appreciated. This in turn will require high self esteem as well as self respect. In this case, Grace needs to value her employees and also accept their desires. (2). Decision making Technique The group decision-making technique that would assist Grace and her friends are as follows: The first technique that must be used by Grace is the technique that is known as the brainstorming technique. In this technique a group of individuals are involved which is usually between five and ten. They need to sit around the table and generate thoughts in the form of free association. The focus will be on the generation of ideas rather than the evaluation of ideas. If a big number of views can be created, then it is probable that there will be an exclusive and inventive idea among them. Grace must write all these ideas on the black board with a piece of chalk. This will in turn help Grace and her team to view each idea and try to improve upon such ideas (Yu, 2013). This technique is very effectual when the problem is reasonably precise and can be merely defined. However, an intricate problem can be divided into parts and every part can be taken disjointedly at a time (Chai et al., 2013). The second technique is the nominal group technique. It is quite similar to that of the brainstorming technique. However, the nominal group technique is more structured. The team members of Grace can follow this technique in which they can form the group in name only and function autonomously thus creating ideas for resolving the problem on their own, quietly and in script. If Grace and her team follow this, they cannot interact with each other so that strong individuality domination is evaded. It thus helps to persuade individual creativity (Butler, 2014). In this case, Grace needs to collect these written ideas or write them on a large black board for each and everyone to view. Grace can also ask each member of her team to speak out and then she can write on the black board. In turn these ideas will be discussed by Grace with her team members one by one in turn and each team member will be encouraged to remark on these ideas for the point of explanation and improvement (Harvey Holmes, 2012). After the discussion is over, the team members will be appraised for their merits and disadvantages and each team member is essential to vote on every idea and allocate it a rank on the base of precedence of each optional solution. The idea with the uppermost aggregate position is chosen as the final resolution to the problem (Pea et al., 2012). The third technique that can be used by Grace and her team mates are Delphi technique. This technique is the adjustment of the nominal group technique. However, this technique involves obtaining the view of the specialists physically alienated from each other and unidentified to each other. This in turn will lag the team members from the unnecessary influence of others. Usually, the kinds of troubles handled by this technique are not precise in nature or connected to a particular state of affairs at a given time (Stewart et al., 2016). The steps involved in Delphi technique includes the fact that the difficulty is recognized and a sample of specialist is selected. These specialists are asked to make available possible solutions through a sequence of cautiously planned questionnaires. Each specialist completes and returns the original questionnaire. The consequences of the questionnaire are accumulated at a central position and the central manager arranges a second questionnaire based on the prior answers. Every member gets a copy of the consequences along with the second questionnaire. Members are requested to evaluate the results and react to the second questionnaire. The consequences characteristically generate new solutions or cause adjustment in the original position. The procedure is recurring until an agreement is reached (Saylor et al., 2015). The procedures involved are time consuming and is primarily useful in illuminating broad range, long term complex issues such as future effects of energy shortages that might occur. The fourth and the last technique is the didactic technique. It is appropriate only in certain state of affairs. However, it is an outstanding method when the certain state of affairs takes place. If Grace faces any problem with the team that is related to yes-no problem, then this technique will act as a solution (Rabheru et al., 2013). Since, in such a state of affairs, there must be benefits as well as drawbacks of either of the two choices, the team requisite to make the choice is divide into two sub-teams, one supporting the go choice and the other supporting the no go choice. The first team will in turn make a list of the pros of the problems as well the other team will make the cons of the problem. After the comprehensive discussions, the teams switch sides and attempt to find flaws in their own original point of view. The teams will accept the point of view and the ideas will be interchanged. (3). Leadership Skills In this the leadership theory of Trait needs to be considered. Trait used to believe that the individuals are either born or created with convinced qualities. This theory matches up with Grace. She had that potential to become a leader. The qualities are creativity, intelligence as well as sense of responsibility (Haber-Curran Stewart, 2015). Given the situation, Grace can develop her leadership skills in the following ways: Clear Vision Grace needs to have a clear vision and share the vision and the mission with her team. As a newly appointed leader, she must provide a clear path that her team can follow. However, the team must understand why the goals that are set by Grace are valuable. Grace must take time to explain this to her team in details. She must make them understand that the vision will help them to improve the business and they will also earn benefit (Lord et al., 2012). Being passionate This is the most significant aspect of a leadership skills. Grace should not only focus on the fact whether the task is finished or not. She must also have an authentic passion and eagerness for the project they are working on. She needs to start thinking differently and express her enthusiasm. She must make her team members also feel that she cares about their progress (Uhl-Bien Ospina, 2012). Morals and values If Grace makes choices and takes action out of the harmony with her morals and values, in that case she will be left with a troublesome bad feeling. However, if she makes choices and takes decision in accordance with her ethics and values it will help to succeed smoothly as a leader. If she follows that then her team mates will respect her view and leadership. Role model If Grace follows the strategy of walk the walk and talk the talk, in that case her team members will admire her and work to follow these behavior. Set ultimate goals and follow concrete achievement plans in order to improve the leadership skills, Grace needs to set a precise goal with suitable timeline. In that case, Grace needs to design her goals by moving backwards from the end of her life to the current week. Maintaining a positive approach An irritable person will never get respect from the team members. In that case, Grace needs to maintain a positive approach by looking at the bright side of the life. By being positive, a person can lead a happier life as well as get surrounded by positive person. This will in turn help Grace to magically draw stimulating offers and potentials. Improvement of the communication skills Grace needs to maintain a clear communication skill so that she can specifically communicate her vision, objectives, targets and expectations to others. This will also help Grace to listen to what other people are deliberately or unconsciously communicating. In that case, Grace needs to constantly improve her verbal and listening skills. The willing to learn from failures In this world no one is perfect. Hence, Grace needs to learn from the mistakes she will make. Being a strong leader she will be able to communicate her weakness to her team. Educate and improve The most important quality to develop the leadership skills is the continuation of improvement in every probable way. (4). Emotional Intelligence The ability to understand and manage the emotions and the people around is what is known as emotional intelligence. The individuals, who possess a high degree of emotional intelligence, know what their emotions mean and how these emotions can have an effect on the other individuals. Emotional intelligence helps a leader to succeed. The improvement of emotional intelligence will help Grace to improve her (Druskat et al., 2013). In todays world, the workers are much more conscious of whether or not they are a good fit in their place of work culture and they want their leaders to be more attentive of their needs. The employees are exhausted of playing fixtures and just want to be who they are. Caring about the team members Grace being the leader needs to balance the head and the heart. As a leader if Grace shows some maturity along with passion she will be able to balance what is required for the work as well as the human spirit. The employees do not want to feel as the herd of the cattle but as those employees who get appreciated for their work. If all this requirements are followed with proper skill that will help the individuals to perform (Gottman, 2014). Empathy If Grace can maintain having empathy, that will help her to manage the team. Leaders with empathy have the capability to place themselves in someone situation of another person. This helps the team members to develop and challenge others who are not working fairly. This also helps in giving a positive feedback (Murphy, 2014). Social skills The leaders who perform well in the social skills constituent of the emotional intelligence are excellent communicators. If Grace possesses this quality, then she will be open to listen to both good and bad news. Leaders who have good social skills are also excellent at running change and determining divergences tactfully (Kilic et al. 2013). Ability to stay cool most of the individuals faces an amount of stress in their life. Being a leader, if Grace will be able to handle the demanding condition then it will make a difference between self-confident versus reactive. Motivation The leaders who are self motivated have the tendency to work time after time toward their objectives and they have enormously superior standards for the quality of their work (Golub et al. 2014). Self-regulation By improving the skill of self regulation, the leaders will be able to regulate themselves efficiently, have the rare tendency to verbally attack others or make rushed or emotional decisions. Self-regulation is all regarding to living in control. References Butler, J. K. (2014). Using Representative Nominal Group Technique for Course Review and an Interactive Solicitation of Ways to Enhance ABSELs Image.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,30. Chai, J., Liu, J. N., Ngai, E. W. (2013). Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), 3872-3885. Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., Sala, F. (2013).Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press. EITC | The Emotional Intelligence Training Company, Inc.. (2016). The Emotional Intelligence Training Company, Inc.. Retrieved 31 May 2016, from https://www.eitrainingcompany.com/ Fosshage, J. L. (2015). THE CENTRALITY OF MOTIVATIONAL THEORY IN PSYCHOANALYSIS.Psychoanalytic Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice: Reading Joseph D. Lichtenberg,49, 187. Golub, T. L., Ol ar, D., Rijavec, M. (2014, July). The role of motivation and academic social context in study-related flow and burn-out. In7th European conference on positive psychology. Gottman, J. (2014). EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE. Haber-Curran, P., Stewart, T. (2015). Leadership Skill Development in a First-Year Honors Service-Learning Seminar.Journal of Community Engagement Higher Education,7(2). Harvey, N., Holmes, C. A. (2012). Nominal group technique: an effective method for obtaining group consensus.International journal of nursing practice,18(2), 188-194. Kilic, K., Tavacioglu, L., Bolat, P. (2013). Inuence of Emotional Intelligence on the Work Performance of.Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation: STCW, Maritime Education and Training (MET), Human Resources and Crew Manning, Maritime Policy, Logistics and Economic Matters, 169. Leadership Skills | Leadership skills course | Leadership Skills Training. (2016). Satishkakriconsultants.com. Lord, R. G., Hall, R. J., Halpin, S. M. (2012). Leadership skill development and divergence: A model for the early effects of gender and race on leadership development.Early Development and Leadership: Building the Next Generation of Leaders, 229. Mahni Shayganfar, C. R., Sidner, C. (2016). An Overview of Affective Motivational Collaboration Theory. Motivation, Maslow Lean ...{Strategos}. (2016). Strategosinc.com. Retrieved 31 May 2016, Murphy, K. R. (2014).A critique of emotional intelligence: what are the problems and how can they be fixed?. Psychology Press. Pea, A., Estrada, C. A., Soniat, D., Taylor, B., Burton, M. (2012). Nominal group technique: a brainstorming tool for identifying areas to improve pain management in hospitalized patients.Journal of hospital medicine,7(5), 416-420. Rabheru, K., Wiens, A., Ramprasad, B., Bourgon, L., Antochi, R., Hamstra, S. J. (2013). Comparison of traditional didactic seminar to high-fidelity simulation for teaching electroconvulsive therapy technique to psychiatry trainees.The journal of ECT,29(4), 291-296. Saylor, J. L., Schell, K. A., Mendell, M. F., Graber, J. S. (2015). Development of a Clinical Competency Checklist for Care of Patients Experiencing Substance Withdrawal Delirium or Delirium: Use of a Delphi Technique and Expert Panel.Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services,53(6), 29-36. Stewart, B. T., Gyedu, A., Quansah, R., Addo, W. L., Afoko, A., Agbenorku, P., ... Debrah, S. (2016). District-level hospital trauma care audit filters: Delphi technique for defining context-appropriate indicators for quality improvement initiative evaluation in developing countries.Injury,47(1), 211-219. Uhl-Bien, M., Ospina, S. (2012).Advancing relational leadership research: A dialogue among perspectives. IAP. Yu, P. L. (2013).Multiple-criteria decision making: concepts, techniques, and extensions(Vol. 30). Springer Science Business Media.

Kevin Roach Essays - Margaret Ringenberg, Women In World War II

Kevin Roach Humanities 4/5 Ms. Bruni January 20, 1999 Title: The Greatest Generation Author: Tom Brokaw Summary: This book tells the stories of 50 young people who grew up during the depression and fought in World War II then came home to build America into a super power that could win the cold war. In one of the first lines of the book Tom Brokaw states, ?I think this is the greatest generation that society has ever produced.? I can't even imagine all the obstacles that they had to overcome. These men and women were born in the roaring twenties when our economy was booming and prohibition was in force. They went from boom to the greatest bust in American history, the great depression. They watched their parents lose their farms and business and then were called upon to fight the two greatest war machines of the twentieth century. After defeating these aggressors the young men and women came home and got married producing the baby-boomers. The GI bill allowed more of them to get a college education than any other generation. Instead of resting on their laurels they turned the industrial machine that won the war into one of greatest peacetime economies in history. The infrastructure of highways, bridges and dams that we use today was built by these enterprising men. There were also mistakes made, McCarthyism was allowed to flourish and racism went unchallenged for much to long. This book wasn't just about history but about people stories and experiences. Tom Brokaw presents a very balanced view telling not just stories about young white men storming the beaches on D-Day but also about women in the service and those who stayed home. He also tells the stories of Japanese and African American men who were fighting to defend a country that was persecuting them. Major Characters: There are 50 major characters in this book and it would impossible for me to even mention something meaningful about everyone of them so I will pick three that I thought exemplified the spirit of the book. Ordinary People, Charles O. Van Gorder, MD: Charles was a thirty-one year old captain when he was asked to drop behind enemy line with the paratroopers during the D-Day invasion. His glider crash landed at 4:00 am on June 6. He was lucky unlike so many others no one was hurt in his glider. That changed very quickly, by 9:00 am he and his fellow doctors had set up their MASH unit. Van Gorder and the other surgeons worked for 36 hours straight operating on hundreds of wounded paratroopers while wearing their combat helmets the whole time. When Charles finally went back to his tent to get some sleep he found that a German shell had hit and destroyed it just a few minutes earlier. Van Gorder stayed with the 101st Airborne division throughout 1944 until he was captured by German soldiers during the Battle of Bastone. Van Gorder had suffered shrapnel wounds in his so he had to be supported by his friend Dr. Rodda. Charles and the other POWs were packed into a box car headed east into Germany when their train came under attack from A merican fighters so Dr. Van Gorder organized the prisoners into a giant human sign saying: USA POWS. Not long after Charles and Dr. Rodda escaped and made their way back west to American lines. After serving for 5 years and 30 straight months overseas he finally returned home to his wife Helen. Helen had given birth to Rod while Charles was in North Africa but Rod died of SIDS with out ever having met his father. Van Gorder turn down a high paying, prestigious New York fellowship to set up a practice in his hometown of Andrews, Tennessee. Dr. Van Gorder spent the rest of his life caring for the loggers of that Smoky Mountain hamlet. Women in Uniform and Out: Margaret Ray Ringenberg When Margaret Ringenberg took her first flight at the age of 7 she fell in love with flying. So after she graduated from high school she started taking lessons at the local airfield and she got her pilots license when she was only 21, just in time to apply for WASP. WASP stood for Women's

Essay on Open Source Software The WritePass Journal

Essay on Open Source Software Introduction: Essay on Open Source Software Introduction:Beginnings:Motivations:Advantages:Conclusion:Introduction:Suggested solutions:Motivations:Green IT approach:References:Related Introduction: The concept of open source affects many fields of study from computer software and hardware to architecture, health, science, robotics and even politics. Linus Torvalds predicted this proliferation of source openness when he said: the future is open source everything. But another founder of open source movement, Eric Raymond, refused the using of this concept about applications outside software (Wikipedia, 2009). Free/open source software (F/OSS) is accessible software where end source code is available for the user. It is not limited to software as applicable ones, it exceeds to allow beneficial to read, modify and recreate the source code (V. Hippel, V. Krogh, 2003). So F/OSS is usually provides users with source code and information needed to apply their changes on them. The ability to run the program as the user wishes is one of the essential freedoms which Richard Stallman, the founder of free software and defender of open source, was confirmed in an interview. These freedoms are: the freedom to study how these software works, the freedom to change it according to projects requirements, the freedom to redistribute it and the freedom to distribute your modified copy to others (Reilly 2008). In Raymond opinion good programmers know how to write, great ones know what to rewrite, and he illustrated that it is almost easier to use an already existing solution to start with than to start from nothing at all. But this involves developer in difficult-to-be-solved problems if choice is not suitable. Linux operating system was not written from scratch where Linus Torvalds started by studying ideas from Minix a tiny Unix-like OS and then reused it according to projects purposes (Raymond, 1999) Beginnings: It was a big surprise for those who used to pay for software to be told that groups of volunteers create high quality software and produce it to the community for free. The idea of FOSS began in 1960s. In this decade commercial software was not available and researchers were in need to share software code. As a result, they started to share source code in a limited framework. Open sharing of software code was a common practice in the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in the early 1960s and in similar laboratories such as Stanford and Carnegie Mellon (Moon Sproull 2002). After that developers and users gave the idea more attention. Consequently, foundations of free software have been established in 1980s when Stallman called for free software and claimed that software should be common. In an interview, Stallman confirmed that computer users could not use the proprietary software come with most computers in the 1980s. So, such software keeps users divided and helpless. Stallman was dissatisfied with that situation and he started the free software movement in 1993 when he wrote the GNU open source operating system (M. Reilly, 2008). The general public license of GNU operating system allows users receive all their rights in essential freedoms mentioned above. In 2005 the idea achieved its goals in software filed and became more trusted by users and developers (Raymond 1999). Wikipedia is a known example of F/OSS. It is a free encyclopedia started in the beginnings of 2001 by means of highly qualified contributors. It provides 19 free encyclopedias in 19 different languages and its content has been created by user contributions. Many other examples like Apache web server, BIND name server and Linux operating system kernel are free for any user to use, amend and share. Motivations: The motivations of Stallman to produce free software are his strong belief in freedom, particularly the freedom for individuals to cooperate (2003). But what are the incentives other developers have to become contributors in open source projects? In other words, why do programmers volunteer their time and experience without any financial returns to create free software? Raymond is one of the first GNU contributors, a developer of many net open source software and a significant participant in Linux operating system development. He indicated that Linux project was going from strength to strength and the reason was the bazaar model of the Linux development style in which all contributors worked hard as at individual projects. He added that the democratic atmosphere in bazaar model motivated him and his partners to work hard regardless of financial returns (Raymond 1999). The Linux creator, Linus Trovalds, says: I am basically a very lazy person who likes to get credit for things other people actually do (Raymond 1999). Torvalds , as he stated in his book Just For Fun, has an early interest in computing, he does not seem to take himself too seriously, he is a lucky guy who can provide a career for himself, and he finds a lot of fun when he writes software code. It is surprising that hackers are also a significant motivating factor; they lead developers to impress their peers, gain a better reputation and raise their ranks in society (Zaleski et al. 2001). Wikipedia showed, in a study made up by Wikipedia administrators, that the reason for their participants to be a part in such free work is the desire to create a benefit thing that helps others and meets their requirements (Wikipedia 2010). While the basic motivations for corporation in learners open source community are learning specific topics, learning how to be future learners and projects creating. Advantages: Software is characterized by many factors: Its cost, where the lower price is more preferred and thus free is the most. Voluntary work, where volunteers are motivated towards the project and they are interested in, which means that they do their best. Continuously tested by all participant and users, hence it is almost free of bugs and errors. These factors refer that open source software is likely to be the best solution for any project if needed features are provided. Besides, developers have created it according to own needs which means that it is in a high level of quality and efficiency. F/OSS has many advantages related to development cost and time, bug correction and independency. Time and cost are essential factors in software development and they can be exploited by using of OSS which reduces the number of programmers employer has to pay himself, provides a ready tested code from other projects and thus reduces the time it takes to build, test and develop. Besides that creating software by many developers, each has revised and corrected its errors and each has a different background, leads to less bugs and faster detection and correction. Linus law refers to this idea Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow (Answers.com, 2009). Openness of source code provides communication paths and interactive communities. F/OSS community in schools consists of researchers, learners and teachers; each listens to others and respects their opinions. It is expected in this style of community to switch roles among its members, where students may be assigned particular roles to take on for the studied project. So they can share their ideas in all projects aspects. On the other hand, sense of control is uncommon in most classrooms, so one of learners communitys advantages is to prepare students for future life by involving them in the experiment of leadership (H. Baytiyeh, J. Pfaffman, 2010). Another advantage for open source software, which Zaleski stated in his article, that open source innovation was the reason for Linux operating system to move quickly from being an ambiguous operating system used by programmers and hackers to an essential operating system in business area (2001). On the other hand, open source technology resolved the problem of knowledge transfer in developing countries. Direct import of software not only costs these countries high amounts of money, but also puts them in complex troubles where they do not know how to develop this software to meet the local needs (Alkhatib 2008). Why do some organizations still buy commercial software instead of using free ones? The voluntary of open source projects and the relative lake of financial support make them far from marketing and advertising. This means that many organizations have not been informed that free solutions relevant to their needs are available freely. This knowledge gap cause many other barriers. Some managers do not know how to implement and use open source applications and they may be unaware of the range of services provided with such applications like support services and consultations. To cover this knowledge gap, an up to date archive of open source applications is available in SourceForge.net website. This website consists of more than 131,000 open source applications with their latest software updates where the accessibility is allowed for any organization to find suitable free software according to its requirements. Further, assistance with the technical issues of open source applications implementation is available by many open source consultants like IBM, Red Hat, and Open Sky Consulting. Forking is another reason for not using F/OSS. The independency between open source software developers groups leads to different versions of same software. Although these versions started with the same source code, they are not able to interoperate because these groups create their own versions without coordination. This phenomenon is called forking and it is the responsible for open source software fragmenting. As a result, the open source BSD-Unix community was divided into three portions in early 1990s, and Emacs text editor and NCSA web server are other examples where both forked into two divisions in 1992 and 2995 respectively. In Nagys opinion, forking is dangerous because it causes inherited fragmentation for both of the original software adopters and marketing of relative applications. Many versions of one software leads adopters to choose one to support, consequently, software will not gain the critical mass of adopters it aims to do. On the other hand, venders will be put in a point of choosing to support one of forked versions or all of them in their own applications. In this case, some adopters and vendors decide to wait for a standard version or to stall their adoption and supporting (NAGY et al. 2010). Conclusion: No one can predict the future of software, but developers can expect that open source software will be stronger and gain increased faith from traditional software industry. Historically, one can recognize the discontinuities appeared between IBM System in the 1960s, first PC in the end of 1970s and the open source movement in the 1990s. So it is expected that this technology gap will take place in the next 10-15 years for a new software innovation (Campbell-Kelly 2008) Green IT Introduction: IT has brought many significant solutions for environmental sustainability, but at the same time, it caused a lot of problems especially in data centers where energy is consumed enormously (Murugesan 2010) Hopper, a professor of computer technology at the University of Cambridge and head of its Computer Laboratory, claimed that the system we now employ is hugely wasteful and he proposed to create new systems which are more efficient, less expensive and help in reducing energy consumptions; because he believed that moving data is cheaper than energy (Kurp 2008) Computers impact environment from the first stage of producing to the last stage of disposal. Moreover, increased consumption of energy leads to more greenhouse gas emissions because the main source of energy is coil, oil or gas burning (Murugesan 2010) Since environmental problems come from each stage of computers life, green IT must covers all of these areas, from designing to manufacturing and use end with disposal. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines green computing as the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems -such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems- efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. (Murugesan 2008) Suggested solutions: Dell and Hewlett-Packard are two computer manufacturers. They decided to solve the problem by retooling their products. On the other hand, the solution from the standpoint of David Wang, the data center architect for Teradata, is not to replace all old computers by others which are more environments friendly. He confirmed that attention must be drawn to increasing power consumption as well as to heat removal in data centers (Kurp 2008). Murugesan has illustrated areas and activities which are involved in green IT solutions as the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental friendly designing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Energy-efficient computing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power management;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Location and architecture of data centers;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Server virtualization which has been explained before;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Responsible disposal and recycling;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regulatory compliance;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Green metrics, assessment tools and methodology;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environment-related risk reducing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use of renewable energy sources; and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eco-labeling of IT products (2008). Other solutions have been produced by Hasbrouck and Woodruff. They suggested two strategies for green computing: Reduce computing technologys contribution to the problem by producing energy-efficient computers, take reusability into account during computers designing, use less materials and work toward computers and related systems recycling. Moreover, they indicated that truing off inactive computers, using energy-efficient devices and reduction of emissions emitted from computers manufacturing are significant parts of this strategy. Give computing a role in resolving the issue by creating green applications which enable design green objects and green processes such as design green buildings, invent source of renewable energy and design fuel-efficient aircraft (2008). Most efforts in green IT are directed towards the first strategy to solve environmental problems which have increased along with computers using increase. As a result of these problems caused by computers, many associations are turning to green computing to save money and reduce waste. To do so, Dick Sullivan listed five major trends: Virtualization in all forms especially for servers, storage and network environments. In other words, transform entire machines into software-based entities. For instance, a room with five servers can be replaced by an efficient server provided with high performance software. Utilize the cloud computing where no need to have own data centers, own big servers or storage systems. Many organizations need only a small amount of proprietary equipment and functionality. In this case, they can basically purchase what they need from someone else who will be responsible for the security, power and maintenance. Sullivan confirmed that a huge amount of data is basically an exact duplicate of other data, so converting to intelligent compression or single instance storage can eliminate this waste and cut the total data storage needed. Solid-state disk (SSD) has no moving parts and is not magnetic, so it is a stronger, safer and faster way to store and access data. Everyone can make impact and be a part of green computing project when s/he has more awareness of her/his direct and indirect daily computing habits. Employees, for example, can support green computing if they use to turn off computers not in use, banning screen savers and shorten the turn-off times when computers are inactive. On the other hand, printing waste a lot of papers, so managing this daily process by printing only as needed and adopting double sided printing will make a significant impact (Clarke 2009) Many efforts have been made to support the idea of green IT. Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI) is one of these efforts. It seeks to reduce electric power consumption of PCs and it has established a catalogue of green products from organizations involved with, in addition to helpful information about reducing PC energy consumption. This initiative is a group of consumers, businesses and conservation organizations formed in 2007, it has gained brilliant results where 50 percent of energy consumed by computers was economized by 2010, and it was able to reduce global CO2 emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year (Wikipedia 2010). Motivations: To enforce computer users to subject to green IT solutions and apply them on their daily routines, government can face them with more green taxis and rules. But it is better, in my opinion, to raise people awareness toward the danger that threatens the Earth if they continue using traditional computers in traditional methods, and to teach them the benefits of green IT. Applying green IT issues in all affected areas offers individuals and organizations financial benefits where IT operations achieve better energy efficiency through green initiatives. In a survey made by Sun Microsystem Australia, 1500 responses have been collected from 758 different-size organizations. Almost of these responses illustrated that the main reasons for using green IT practices are reducing energy consumption and get lower costs. As a result, most companies started to prioritize environmental issues. Moreover, institutions and corporate ask their suppliers to take into account how to green up their products and manufacturing processes. Not only companies but also people began to adhere to environmentally friendly issues of IT (Murugesan 2008). Green IT approach: As it has mentioned above that environmental problems caused by computing should be addressed by a holistic approach which include solutions for all areas affected by using computers. This approach, as it has been explained by Murugesan, consists of four concepts: Green use that aims to reduce energy consumption and use computers in an environmentally friendly manner. Green disposal where computers, related system like printers and electronic equipments should be reused, refurbished or recycled. Green design where new computers, servers and cooling devices can be designed to be more energy efficient. Green manufacturing which aims to adopt the process of computers and sub-systems creating that minimize or get rid of its impact on the environment (2008) References: 2003. Richard Stallman: FreedomHis Passion Both For Work And In Life. Electronic Design, 51(23), 112. Answers.com, what are the advantages and disadvantages of open source software and why?, [Internet]. Available from: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_and_ disadvantages_of _open _source_software_and_why, [Accessed 30th November 2010] Campbell-Kelly, M., 2008. Historical Reflecions Will the Future of Software be Open Source? Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 21-23. Clarke, K., 2009. Green computing trends you should know. Associations Now, 5(8), 19. Hasbrouck, J. Woodruff, A., 2008. Green Homeowners as Lead Adopters: Sustainable Living and Green Computing. Intel Technology Journal, 12(1), 39-48. Kurp, P., 2008. Green Computing. Communications of the ACM, 51(10), 11-13. Michael Bloch, Open source software in your online business -advantages/ disadvantages, 1999-2010 Moon, J.Y. Sproull, L., 2002. Essence of distributed work: The case of the Linux kernel. In P. Hinds S. Kiesler, eds. Distributed work.   Cambridge, MA US: MIT Press, pp. 381-404. Murugesan. S., 2008, â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February 2008, pp 24-33. Murugesan, S., 2010. Making IT Green. IEEE Computer Society, Vol. 12, No. 2. NAGY, D., YASSIN, A.M. BHATTACHERJEE, A., 2010. Organizational Adoption of Open Source Software: Barriers and Remedies. Communications of the ACM, 53(3), 148-151. Raymond, E., 1999. The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Knowledge, Technology Policy, 12(3), 23. Reilly, M., 2008. Interview: Richard Stallman, one of the founders of free software. Vidyasagar Potdar and Elizabeth Chang (2004) Open source and closed source software development methodologies. Proc.of the 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering, pages 105-109, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 25 2004. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia (2001) Open source [Internet]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source, [Accessed 4th November 2010] Zaleski, J. et al., 2001. JUST FOR FUN (Book Review). Publishers Weekly, 248(17), 60.

LSC essays

LSC essays When deciding on a place for my science trip, I knew the perfect place would be the Liberty Science Center, located in Jersey City, New Jersey. I went there often as a child, so I already knew that there was a great deal to learn there. What I didn't realize was how much it had been updated since I was there last. There are so many advances going on in science and technology, it's all so amazing. What surprised me most, is that even at age 19, I still had as much fun there as I did when I was 9. When I got first arrived at the science center, I was so overwhelmed I didn't know where to go first. The center has three floors, each with a different theme - Invention, Health, and Environment. It is also home to the nation's largest IMAX movie screen. I decided to check out one floor at a time, and later try to see a show. First I visited the Environment Floor. This was my least favorite of all the floors. The first exhibit I looked at was calledThe Estuary.? This had many different tanks filled with fish that normally dwell in the lower Hudson River. Next I visited the solar telescope. I walked inside what the Science Center calls their lighthouse, and found that they have an actual solar telescope mounted on their roof. From this telescope I saw images of the sun's surface. The next exhibit I visited was call the Bug Zoo, unfortunately I didn't stay there long. It was filled with tanks holding cockroaches, millipedes, and even honeybees, along with a small greenhouse. I was very uncomfortable there. I then visited The Rock Wall. Here they asked me to try to climb a wall, just like professional rock climbers do. It's a lot harder then it looks, and I didn't get very far. Before I left the floor I last visited a gallery calledA Question of Truth?, which was divided into four exhibits. A t first one, Point of View, I learned some beliefs and customs of different cultures. For example, although we believe that ...

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example Public diplomacy makes use of several techniques or channels, one of them being mass media, international broadcasting, in particular. The techniques of mass media are used to directly affect the mass public, while the others especially cultural channels have an orientation towards elite audiences. Public diplomacy has got several geopolitical implementations. For instance, the EU member states are advanced in public diplomacy implementation about their strategies of foreign policy and these days the EU has got a Public Diplomacy Unit and Election Observation in the Action Service of the European External (Gilboa, 1998). Public diplomacy has got a great impact on the power-relation globally. Usually, the nation that advocates for public diplomacy tends to attract more foreigners. When more foreigners move in, the various nations gain because of the investments and taxes the nations subject them to. By the end of the day, the nations that advocate public diplomacy gain (Gilboa, 1998). The hybridity of culture involves the changing of culture as it adapts to various changes. Deterritorialization reinforces the change whereas sets of power relationships that are an unequal condition the change. Cultural industry hybridization represents the global forms and local culture interaction to produce cultural commodities that are dynamically localized. Censorship and adaptation in Malaysia, for instance, are significant hybridization ways monitored and enforced by several non-governmental and governmental bodies (Guan, 2010).